To remove spaces from the left or right, use strip, lstrip and rstrip functions.
Example: a = " Test%%"
print(a.lstrip().rstrip("%"), a.strip("%").strip())
Output: Test Test
To remove all spaces (including in the middle) use the replace function.
Example: b = " %Te st %% A"
print(b.replace(" ","").replace("%",""))
Output: TestA
To split string use the split function.
Example: c = "A,B,C"
d = c.split(",")
print(d, d[1])
Output: ['A', 'B', 'C'] B
To join strings use the join function.
Example: e = " & ".join(d)
print(e)"
Output: A & B & C
To declare and initialise 3 variables at the same time use commas:
Example: a,b,c = "A", "B", "C"
To get a portion of the string use [a:b:c], which means from position a to position b, skipping c characters (a or b or c can be omitted).
Note: including b (b is included).
A negative index means counting from the right. The right most character is -1.
Example: a = "0123456789"
print(a[0:4], a[1:7:2], a[-2])
Output: 0123 135 8
Example: print(a[:5], a[:], a[::3])
Output: 01234 0123456789 0369
Example: a = "I love Python programming"
print(a[7:13], a[-18:-12], len(a))
Output: Python Python 25
Arithmetic operators are +, -, /, %, **, //
(the last 3 are modulo, power, floor division)
Example: a,b = 5,2
print(a%b, a**b, a//b)
Output: 1 25 2
Comparison operators are >, <, ==, !=
Example: print(a>b, a<b, a==b, a!=b)
Output: True False False True
The print function accepts parameters.
Example: a,b = "A","B"
print("{0} test {1}".format(a,b))
Output: A test B
To concatenate 2 strings use the + operator.
Example: print(a + " & " + b, "Line1\nLine2")
Output: A & B Line1
Line2
To print a double quote, enclose the string with a single quote.
Or escape it with a backslash.
Example: print('a"b', "a\"b")
Output: a"b a"b
To print a single quote, inclose the string with a double quote.
Or escape it with a backslash.
Example: print("a'b", 'a\'b')
Output: a'b a'b
To change line use \n.
If we use r (means raw string), \n doesn’t have an affect.
Example: print(r"a\n")
Output: a\n
Set means distinct members.
Example: a = set('aba')
print(a)
Output: {'a', 'b'}
Set operations are -,|,&,^.
- a-b: in a but not in b.
- a|b: in a or b or both.
- a&b: in both a and b.
- a^b: in a or b but not both.
Example: a,b = set('ab'), set('ac')
print(a-b, a|b, a&b, a^b)
Output: {'b'} {'a', 'b', 'c'} {'a'} {'b', 'c'}
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